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Baku
Baku is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region.
Baku is 28 metres (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world below sea level.
Baku lies on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, on the Bay of Baku.
Baku's urban population was estimated at two million people as of 2009.
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Baku is the primate city of Azerbaijan—it is the sole metropolis in the country, and about 25% of all inhabitants of the country live in Baku's metropolitan area.
Baku is divided into twelve administrative raions and 48 townships.
Among these are the townships on the islands of the Baku Archipelago, as well as the industrial settlement of Neft Daşları built on oil rigs 60 kilometres (37 miles) away from Baku city in the Caspian Sea.
The old city, containing the Palace of the Shirvanshahs and the Maiden Tower, was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.
The city is the scientific, cultural, and industrial centre of Azerbaijan.
Many sizeable Azerbaijani institutions have their headquarters there.
In the 2010s, Baku became a venue for major international events.
It hosted the 57th Eurovision Song Contest in 2012, the 2015 European Games, 4th Islamic Solidarity Games, the European Grand Prix in 2016, the Azerbaijan Grand Prix since 2017, the final of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, and was one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2020.
The Baku International Sea Trade Port is capable of handling two million tonnes of general and dry bulk cargoes per year.
Baku is renowned for its harsh winds, reflected in its nickname, the "City of Winds".
Maiden Tower in Old Baku, a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in the 11th–12th century, recognised as the symbol of the city.
Azersu Tower
Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center
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Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population around 1.2 million people.
Tbilisi was founded in the fifth century AD by Vakhtang I of Iberia, and since then has served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics.
Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the Russian Empire, Tiflis was the seat of the Caucasus Viceroyalty, governing both the northern and the southern parts of the Caucasus.
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Because of its location on the crossroads between Europe and Asia, and its proximity to the lucrative Silk Road, throughout history, Tbilisi was a point of contention among various global powers.
To this day the city's location ensures its position as an important transit route for energy and trade projects.
Tbilisi's history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, neoclassical, Beaux Arts, Art Nouveau, Stalinist, and Modern structures.
Historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of multiple cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though it is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox Christian.
Its notable tourist destinations include cathedrals Sameba and Sioni, Freedom Square, Rustaveli Avenue and Agmashenebeli Avenue, medieval Narikala Fortress, the pseudo-Moorish Opera Theater, and the Georgian National Museum.
The climate in Tbilisi mostly ranges from 20 to 32 °C (68 to 90 °F) in the summer and −1 to 7 °C (30 to 45 °F) in the winter.
Anchiskhati Basilica is the oldest surviving church in Tbilisi
City Council building overlooking Freedom Square
The National Botanical Garden of Georgia in Tbilisi is concealed from view as it resides among the hills of the Sololaki Range
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Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 545,796,
within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.
Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people, being the 11th-most populous urban area in the European Union.
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About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Iberian Peninsula, after Madrid and Barcelona. It represents approximately 27% of the country's population.
It is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus. The westernmost portions of its metro area, the Portuguese Riviera, form the westernmost point of Continental Europe, culminating at Cabo da Roca.
Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance, commerce, fashion, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education and tourism.
Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities (alongside Porto) to be recognised as a global city.
Lisbon is home to three companies in the Global 2000. It is one of the major economic centres in Europe, with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe's Atlantic coast.
Additionally, Humberto Delgado Airport served 31 million passengers in 2019, being the busiest airport in Portugal, the third busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe.
The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular link the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon.
The city is the ninth-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Milan, Athens, Venice, Madrid and Florence with 3,539,400 tourists in 2018.
The Lisbon region has a higher GDP PPP per capita than any other region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to US$110.3 billion and thus $39,434 per capita.
The city occupies the 40th place of highest gross earnings in the world.[16] Most of the headquarters of multinational corporations in Portugal are located in the Lisbon area.
It is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of government and residence of the head of state.
Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world and the second-oldest European capital city (after Athens), predating other modern European capitals by centuries.
Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia,
adding to the name Olissipo. After the fall of the Roman Empire it was ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century; later it was captured by the Moors in the 8th century. In 1147 Afonso Henriques conquered the city and since then it has been the political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal.
Rua Augusta Arch
Belém Tower
Lisbon Cathedral
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Ankara
Ankara is the capital of Turkey.
Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.7 million in Ankara Province,
making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (2,767 km2).
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Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280–64 BC), and later of the Roman province with the same name (25 BC–7th century), the city is very old, with various Hattian, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archeological sites.
The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet (1393 – late 15th century) and then the Angora Eyalet (1827–1864) and the Angora Vilayet (1867–1922).
The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising 150 m (500 ft) over the left bank of the Ankara River, a tributary of the Sakarya River. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of Ankara Castle.
Although few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of Roman and Ottoman architecture throughout the city, the most remarkable being the 20 BC Temple of Augustus and Rome that boasts the Monumentum Ancyranum, the inscription recording the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
On 23 April 1920, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established in Ankara, which became the headquarters of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence.
Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923, succeeding in this role as the former Turkish capital Istanbul following the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
The government is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city located at the center of Turkey's road and railway networks.
The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits, the long-haired Angora goat (the source of mohair), and the Angora cat. The area is also known for its pears, honey and Muscat grapes.
Although situated in one of the driest regions of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation (except for the forested areas on the southern periphery), Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, at 72 square meters (775 square feet) per head.
Presidential Library
Kocatepe Mosque
Atakule Tower
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Madrid
This article is about the capital city of Spain.
Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain,
The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million,
It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU),
and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU.
The municipality covers 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi) geographical area.
Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula.
Capital city of both Spain (almost without interruption since 1561) and the surrounding autonomous community of Madrid (since 1983),
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it is also the political, economic and cultural centre of the country.
The city is situated on an elevated plain about 300 km (190 mi) from the closest seaside location.
The climate of Madrid features hot summers and cool winters.
The Madrid urban agglomeration has the second-largest GDP,
in the European Union and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture,
and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.
Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the major financial centre,
and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe.
The metropolitan area hosts major Spanish companies such as Telefónica, Iberia, BBVA and FCC.
It concentrates the bulk of banking operations in the country and it is the Spanish-speaking city generating the largest amount of webpages.
For innovation, Madrid is ranked 19th in the world and 7th in Europe from 500 cities, in the 2022-2023 annual analysts Innovation Cities Index, published by 2ThinkNow.
Madrid houses the headquarters of the UN's World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB),
the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), and the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB).
It also hosts major international regulators and promoters of the Spanish language:
the Standing Committee of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, headquarters of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE),
the Instituto Cervantes and the Foundation of Emerging Spanish (FundéuRAE).
Madrid organises fairs such as Fitur, Arco, Simo Tci and the Madrid Fashion Week.
Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid.
While Madrid possesses modern infrastructure, it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets.
Its landmarks include the Plaza Mayor,
the Royal Palace of Madrid;
the Royal Theatre with its restored 1850 Opera House;
the Buen Retiro Park, founded in 1631;
the 19th-century National Library building (founded in 1712) containing some of Spain's historical archives; many national museums,
and the Golden Triangle of Art, located along the Paseo del Prado and comprising three art museums:
Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, a museum of modern art, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, which complements the holdings of the other two museums.
Cibeles Palace and Fountain has become one of the monument symbols of the city.
The mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People's Party.
Royal Palace and Almudena Cathedral
Municipal Hall
Puerta de Alcala
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The article update on 2-August-2023 includes a Article format
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